{"id":1151,"date":"2026-03-29T08:16:42","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T08:16:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/in\/decoding-multiplicity-class-diagrams-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-29T08:16:42","modified_gmt":"2026-03-29T08:16:42","slug":"decoding-multiplicity-class-diagrams-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/in\/decoding-multiplicity-class-diagrams-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e: 1:N, 1:1 \u0914\u0930 N:N \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 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\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"A playful child's drawing style infographic explaining class diagram multiplicity: one-to-one (1:1) shown as a person with one passport, one-to-many (1:N) as a tree with many apples, and many-to-many (N:N) as students connected to courses via a junction table, with simple UML notation symbols (1, *, 0..1) in bright crayon colors on a white background, teaching software architecture relationships in an intuitive visual way\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/multiplicity-relationships-infographic-childs-drawing.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e: \u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 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<code>0..1<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a 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\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (1:1) \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 A \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 B \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 <code>1<\/code> \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 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\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u090f\u0915 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\u090f\u0915 <code>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940<\/code> \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928:<\/strong> \u201c\u090f\u0915\u201d \u0924\u0930\u092b (\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f) \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u092a \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 <code>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/code> \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0910\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940 <code>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/code> \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u201c\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924\u201d \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/h3>\n<p>1:N \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947? \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u091f:<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 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\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0932\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0947-\u092c\u0939\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (N:N) \ud83d\udd78\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0947-\u092c\u0939\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 A \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 B \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 B \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 A \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 <code>*<\/code> (\u092f\u093e <code>0..*<\/code>) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 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\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0906\u092e \u0917\u0932\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n<p>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0917\u0932\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N:N \u0915\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b 1:N \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u091c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 (0..1) \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (1..1) \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 A \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 B \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 B \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 A \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<th>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 (1:1)<\/th>\n<th>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 (1:N)<\/th>\n<th>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 (N:N)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>1 \u2014 1<\/td>\n<td>1 \u2014 *<\/td>\n<td>* \u2014 *<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<td>\u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e (\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0908)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/td>\n<td>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\/\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u092e<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/td>\n<td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a (\u091c\u0949\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u092e (\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930)<\/td>\n<td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<\/td>\n<td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u2705<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b 1:N \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b N:N \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 1:1, 1:N \u0914\u0930 N:N \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong> \u0907\u0930\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 (1, 0..1, *) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0939\u091c \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong> \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u201c\u0905\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u201d \u0914\u0930 \u201c\u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u201d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f N:N \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1152,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921: 1:1, 1:N, N:N \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1:1, 1:N \u0914\u0930 N:N \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[43,45],"class_list":["post-1151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921: 1:1, 1:N, N:N \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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