{"id":1100,"date":"2026-03-31T09:37:17","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T09:37:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/inheritance-polymorphism-class-diagrams-is-a\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T09:37:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T09:37:17","slug":"inheritance-polymorphism-class-diagrams-is-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/inheritance-polymorphism-class-diagrams-is-a\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh: Chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T” trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u00fa ph\u00e1p; ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T&#8221;, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

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\"Sketch-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h2>\n

K\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Thay v\u00ec vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung trong l\u1edbp cha v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u1eabu. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ebd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong khi b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

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  • L\u1edbp cha:<\/strong> L\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp si\u00eau l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
  • L\u1edbp con:<\/strong> L\u1edbp m\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb l\u1edbp si\u00eau l\u1edbp. C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp con.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb l\u1edbp con.<\/li>\n
  • Ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p l\u1edbp con cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong l\u1edbp cha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    L\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u1edbp cha th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udd17 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T&#8221;<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T&#8221;. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfuXe h\u01a1i<\/code>k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eebPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9tXe h\u01a1i<\/code> L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T<\/strong> Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code>.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;C\u00d3-M\u1ed8T&#8221;, v\u1ed1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;C\u00d3-M\u1ed8T&#8221;, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T&#8221; ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 IS-A<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u cha.<\/li>\n
    • Th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc:<\/strong>N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2y, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung t\u00e1ch nh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u01a1n hay \u0110a:<\/strong>T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u cha m\u1eb9 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean r\u1ed7ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb l\u1edbp con sang l\u1edbp cha. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n chung tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      \ud83c\udfad \u0110a h\u00ecnh trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

      \u0110a h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

      Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111a h\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbp:<\/p>\n

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      • \u0110a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, \u0111a h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp cha, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau khi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u1ecfi chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcd0 Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n

        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

        D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a (K\u1ebf th\u1eeba):<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp si\u00eau l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cC\u00d3-M\u1ed8T\u201d. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i hai l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra g\u1ea7n hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh cardinal (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha \u0111\u00f3. Vi ph\u1ea1m quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

          So s\u00e1nh: K\u1ebf th\u1eeba so v\u1edbi T\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Trong khi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cL\u00c0-M\u1ed8T\u201d, th\u00ec t\u00edch h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cC\u00d3-M\u1ed8T\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nK\u1ebf th\u1eeba (L\u00c0-M\u1ed8T)<\/th>\nT\u00edch h\u1ee3p (C\u00d3-M\u1ed8T)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nCh\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (T\u0129nh)<\/td>\nCao (\u0110\u1ed9ng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u00ednh t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nChia s\u1ebb m\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh<\/td>\nH\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u0103ng s\u00e2u<\/td>\nD\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f C\u00e1c m\u1eabu tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n chung cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n
          • Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
          • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1eabu:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a khung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n trong l\u1edbp cha, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1eabu chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1edbp ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ‘L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng’.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hay ghi \u0111\u00e8 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n
            • Vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov:<\/strong>X\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp cha theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng h\u00e0nh vi mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n
            • S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha.<\/li>\n
            • Pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m:<\/strong> K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi chung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ti\u1ec7n \u00edch thay v\u00ec \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u1edbp cha.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\ude80 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p linh ho\u1ea1t trong tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
              • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u:<\/strong> Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ba c\u1ea5p, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
              • \u01afu ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Khi c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp con n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp cha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML cho k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (cha sang con)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00f3 tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u1edf<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                \ud83e\udde9 X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/h2>\n

                M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cIS-A\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. L\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111a h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng logic c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udcdd T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n
                  \n
                • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/strong>t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cIS-A\u201d, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110a h\u00ecnh<\/strong>cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u cha c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n
                • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/strong>s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
                • Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/strong>th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
                • M\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/strong>t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n
                • Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/strong>nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eeba m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1eeba d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cIS-A\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn linh ho\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                  Lu\u00f4n \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

                  H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Refactoring l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n

                  Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1101,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u: K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110a h\u00ecnh trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 IS-A trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf OOP v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[43,45],"class_list":["post-1100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nKh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u: K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110a h\u00ecnh trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 IS-A trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. 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