{"id":1106,"date":"2026-03-30T09:12:57","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T09:12:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/troubleshooting-class-diagram-relationships\/"},"modified":"2026-03-30T09:12:57","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T09:12:57","slug":"troubleshooting-class-diagram-relationships","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/troubleshooting-class-diagram-relationships\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n: T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Khi b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o ra th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ebd; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t logic, t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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\"Marker-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1edbp. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau ho\u1eb7c khi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a mong mu\u1ed1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/th>\n\u00dd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng<\/td>\nK\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp.<\/td>\nKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ban c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean (nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ph\u00f2ng ban).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh; c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng (c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d. L\u1edbp cha cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung.<\/td>\nXe h\u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/td>\nReportGenerator s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\ud83d\udd0d Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba khi n\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp WingedLion<\/code> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Animal<\/code> v\u00e0 Machine<\/code>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn logic (li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y hay kh\u00f4ng?).<\/li>\n
  • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>G\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi l\u1edbp cha, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9m khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: \u201cLi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 is-a<\/em> hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Car<\/code> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Vehicle<\/code> trong m\u1ecdi ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Car<\/code> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Engine<\/code>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1edbp cha. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3-m\u1ed9t\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00ean ch\u1ea3y theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. Khi l\u1edbp A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp B, v\u00e0 l\u1edbp B l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp A, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u00eam ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p trong \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o A m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 B, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o B m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 A.<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> Gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp module, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed7i tr\u00e0n ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t logic chung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u1ea3 A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ho\u1eb7c thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trung gian qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      3. \u0110a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

      \u0110a d\u1ea1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. Thi\u1ebfu chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng khi tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 1<\/code>, 0..1<\/code>, *<\/code>).<\/li>\n
      • H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01a1n, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 1<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t, 0..1<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 *<\/code> ho\u1eb7c 0..*<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83d\udd27 Quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n

        Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n\u201d, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

        B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c minh chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/h3>\n

        M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code> v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/code>, ai bi\u1ebft ai?<\/p>\n

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        • Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code> c\u00f3 gi\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/code>?<\/li>\n
        • Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/code> c\u00f3 gi\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hai chi\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng (public, private, protected) th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p cao, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai<\/code>?<\/li>\n
          • Ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd truy c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0<\/code>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang t\u01b0, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u00e3y t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (getters) ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/h3>\n

            S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ‘thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1’. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu cha b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, con c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y. (H\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y).<\/li>\n
            • S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. (H\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u cha, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd sai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udcc9 T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 Cardinality<\/h2>\n

              C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a<\/h3>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc) trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trung gian. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi *<\/code> \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tri\u1ec3n khai, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ng\u00e0y sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc) tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft. T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/code>) k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code> v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/code>. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Li\u00ean k\u1ebft T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn so v\u1edbi B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

                S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (1) v\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (0..1) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>.<\/li>\n
                • C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1eeb Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n l\u00e0 0..1<\/code>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec l\u00e0 1<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n sai m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 logic kinh doanh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n sai m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udd04 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h2>\n

                  C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1edf h\u1eefu. L\u1edbp A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp B n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf B c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf A.<\/p>\n

                  Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • M\u1eabu x\u1ea5u:<\/strong> ReportGenerator<\/code> kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp MySQLConnection<\/code> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
                  • M\u1eabu t\u1ed1t:<\/strong> ReportGenerator<\/code> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n DatabaseConnection<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

                    M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp A s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp B, v\u00e0 l\u1edbp B s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp C, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb A \u0111\u1ebfn C.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
                    • L\u00fd do:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 che khu\u1ea5t ranh gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Ch\u00fang ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng A c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 C, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \ud83c\udfa8 S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h2>\n

                      M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Khi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, h\u00e3y xem b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                      C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau<\/h3>\n

                      Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00e9o nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phong c\u00e1ch “\u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c” (c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau.<\/li>\n
                      • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i giao nhau, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tam ph\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 G\u00f3i<\/h3>\n

                        Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng G\u00f3i:<\/strong> Gom c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o c\u00e1c g\u00f3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ec1n<\/code>, D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/code>, H\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng<\/code>).<\/li>\n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eebng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn. T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \ud83d\udee0 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

                          M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t Giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

                          N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u00e3y tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thay v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

                          Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u M\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Facades)<\/h3>\n

                          N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ‘L\u1edbp Th\u1ea7n’. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a giao di\u1ec7n. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

                          Chia nh\u1ecf Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

                          N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. Chia l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

                          \ud83d\udcdd Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \u25a1 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang theo chi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi\u201d kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n giao nhau qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                          • \u25a1 C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \ud83d\ude80 Ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n

                            M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, b\u1ea1n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i. C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u li\u00ean k\u1ebft, b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

                            H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, h\u00e3y d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu? S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? K\u1ebf th\u1eeba? Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Khi b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1107,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i li\u00ean k\u1ebft, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a UML.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[43,45],"class_list":["post-1106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u1eeda l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. 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