{"id":1410,"date":"2026-03-27T06:08:58","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T06:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/uml-class-diagram-mistakes-fixes\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T06:08:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T06:08:58","slug":"uml-class-diagram-mistakes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.method-post.com\/vi\/uml-class-diagram-mistakes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"10 L\u1ed7i Th\u01b0\u1eddng G\u1eb7p Trong S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 L\u1edbp UML L\u00e0m S\u1eadp Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf Ph\u1ea7n M\u1ec1m C\u1ee7a B\u1ea1n V\u00e0 C\u00e1ch S\u1eeda Ch\u1eefa Nhanh Ch\u00f3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML (Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a l\u1ed7i, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u sai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\udce6<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 coi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. D\u00f9 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1edd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao.<\/p>\n

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  • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang t\u01b0, bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
  • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111a l\u1edbp. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n (giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i). Chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

    T\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 truy c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1edbp. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai s\u00f3t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

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    • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng khai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>X\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai \u0111ang truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
    • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>Ghi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng +<\/code> cho c\u00f4ng khai, -<\/code> cho ri\u00eang t\u01b0, v\u00e0 #<\/code> cho b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai thay v\u00ec truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      3. Cardinality m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sai l\u1ec7ch \ud83d\udccf<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sai cardinality (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c) t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng logic.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t khi logic y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u. Ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 0..1 so v\u1edbi 1..*).<\/li>\n
      • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. Logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd n\u00e9m l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y khi x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3c\u00f3<\/em>m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email? (1..1). M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3c\u00f3<\/em>m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng? (1..*). Ghi r\u00f5 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        4. T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p \ud83d\udd01<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra khi L\u1edbp A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o L\u1edbp B, v\u00e0 L\u1edbp B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o L\u1edbp A. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

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        • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb A sang B v\u00e0 t\u1eeb B sang A t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb.<\/li>\n
        • H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eadp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp kia, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
        • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n trung gian ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. Ng\u1eaft li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho c\u1ea3 hai l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c chung, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y thay v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          5. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5p cao v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

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          • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t l\u1edbp \u201cDatabaseConnection\u201d tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi \u201cCustomerOrder\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cPaymentProcessor\u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho logic kinh doanh, l\u1edbp kia \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
          • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kinh doanh. T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Gi\u1eef s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            6. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean k\u00e9m \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0Manager<\/code>, Data<\/code>, ho\u1eb7cObj1<\/code> cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 X\u1eed l\u00fd<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/code> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 thay th\u1ebf chung chung. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
            • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ean thay v\u00ec logic. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
            • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Thay v\u00ec D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/code>, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng M\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho<\/code>. Thay v\u00ec Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/code>, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              7. Thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng giao di\u1ec7n \ud83d\udcdc<\/h2>\n

              Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd che gi\u1ea5u t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc trong khi l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n
              • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00ec h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t k\u00e8m m\u0169i t\u00ean tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai giao di\u1ec7n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 l\u1edbp giao di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng <<interface>>. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                8. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                B\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. B\u1ecf qua chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong> V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u?<\/li>\n
                • T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy \u0111o\u00e1n. Logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho ki\u1ec3m tra null ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
                • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 “0..1<\/code>, 1..*<\/code>“, ho\u1eb7c “1<\/code>. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng “*<\/code>” ho\u1eb7c “0..*<\/code>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  9. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \ud83e\uddec<\/h2>\n

                  K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u00e3 thay v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ki\u1ec3u s\u1ebd vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t “Xe h\u01a1i<\/code>k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb “Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang; m\u1ed9t “Xe h\u01a1i<\/code>k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb “\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/code> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp cha s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                  • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> \u01afu ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u1edbp chia s\u1ebb h\u00e0nh vi, h\u00e3y tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c giao di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t”, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t” hay “s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t”.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    10. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i) kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (h\u00e0nh vi). Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edd ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u00e0m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ec7n \u00edch t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kinh doanh. Ho\u1eb7c, coi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/li>\n
                    • H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>L\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t “\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n” ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t “T\u00fai D\u1eef li\u1ec7u”. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec logic kinh doanh b\u1ecb r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp ti\u1ec7n \u00edch, v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n
                    • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Gi\u1eef logic ti\u1ec7n \u00edch trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ch\u1ecbu Tr\u00e1ch Nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i: Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ed1t so v\u1edbi Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh X\u1ea5u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Lo\u1ea1i sai l\u1ea7m<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh x\u1ea5u<\/th>\nTh\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/td>\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng khai (+)<\/td>\nThu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (-), Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai (+)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa User v\u00e0 Order m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 1..* \u1edf ph\u00eda Order, 1 \u1edf ph\u00eda User<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp bao g\u1ed3m B\u1ea3ng C\u01a1 s\u1edf D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m C\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Mi\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/td>\nL\u1edbp A k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb L\u1edbp B \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td>\nL\u1edbp A tri\u1ec3n khai Giao di\u1ec7n I t\u1eeb L\u1edbp B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/td>\nL\u1edbp: Obj1<\/code><\/td>\nL\u1edbp: H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                      Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c duy nh\u1ea5t; vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
                      • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c minh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n
                      • V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong> Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83e\uddf2<\/h2>\n

                        Hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan. Nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Khi xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                          Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eebng \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u1ee3…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1411,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"10 sai l\u1ea7m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecdc 10 sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[43,45],"class_list":["post-1410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-class-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n10 sai l\u1ea7m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. 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